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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Variable_gauge" title="Variable gauge">Variable gauge</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"VGA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="VGA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="VGA (disambiguation)">VGA (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Video Graphics Array</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size:105%;"><a href="Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Cards</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Entry-level</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Chips_and_Technologies" title="Chips and Technologies">Chips and Technologies</a> 82c441</span></li><li><a href="Video_Seven" title="Video Seven">Video-7</a> VEGA Deluxe</li><li><a href="ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> Graphics Solution Plus</li><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a> (911</li><li>911A</li><li>924</li><li>801</li><li>805</li><li>805i</li><li>928</li><li>805p</li><li>928p)</li></ul></div></div></li><li><a href="Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a> MAGIC RGB</li><li><a href="Plantronics" title="Plantronics">Plantronics</a> Colorplus</li><li><a href="Paradise_Systems" title="Paradise Systems">Paradise Systems</a> PEGA 1</li><li><a href="Tseng_Labs" title="Tseng Labs">Tseng Labs</a> ET3000</li><li><a href="Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a> CL-GD400s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Mid-range</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="ATI_Wonder_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ATI Wonder series">ATI Wonder series</a></li><li>Paradise Systems PEGA 1a</li><li><a href="S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a> Vision</li><li><a href="Tseng_Labs_ET4000" title="Tseng Labs ET4000">Tseng Labs ET4000</a></li><li><a href="Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a> CL-GD500s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">High-end</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> <a href="ATI_Mach" title="ATI Mach">Mach series</a></li><li>Paradise Systems PEGA 2a</li><li><a href="S3_Trio" title="S3 Trio">S3 Trio</a></li><li>Tseng Labs ET6000</li><li><a href="Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a> CL-GD5000s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size:105%;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a> (EGA)</li><li><a href="Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">Professional Graphics Controller</a> (PGC)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">Super Video Graphics Array (SVGA)</a></li><li><a href="Graphics_display_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">Extended Graphics Array (XGA)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Video Graphics Array</b> (<b>VGA</b>) is a <a href="Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">video display controller</a> and accompanying de facto graphics standard, first introduced with the <a href="IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2">IBM PS/2</a> line of computers in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-pcmag_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcmag-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became ubiquitous in the <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> industry within three years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can now refer to the <a href="Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">computer display standard</a>, the 15-pin <a href="D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">D-subminiature</a> <a href="VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA connector</a>, or the <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> <a href="Graphics_display_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">resolution</a> characteristic of the VGA hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>VGA was the last IBM graphics standard to which the majority of IBM PC compatible computer manufacturers conformed, making it the <a href="Lowest_common_denominator#Colloquial_usage" title="Lowest common denominator">lowest common denominator</a> that virtually all post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be expected to implement.<sup id="cite_ref-computer.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computer.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>VGA was adapted into many extended forms by third parties, collectively known as <a href="Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">Super VGA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then gave way to custom <a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing units</a> which, in addition to their proprietary interfaces and capabilities, continue to implement common VGA graphics modes and interfaces to the present day.

</p><p>The VGA analog interface standard has been extended to support resolutions of up to <span class="nowrap">2048 × 1536</span> for general usage, with specialized applications improving it further still.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_design">Hardware design</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">color palette</a> <a href="Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random access memory</a> (RAM) and its corresponding <a href="Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a> (DAC) were integrated into one chip (the <a href="RAMDAC" title="RAMDAC">RAMDAC</a>) and the <a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> controller (<a href="Video_display_controller#Types" title="Video display controller">CRTC</a>) was integrated into a main VGA chip, which eliminated several other chips in previous graphics adapters, so VGA only additionally required external video RAM and <a href="Timing_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Timing crystal">timing crystals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This small part count allowed IBM to include VGA directly on the PS/2 motherboard, in contrast to prior IBM PC models – <a href="IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">PC</a>, <a href="PC/XT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC/XT">PC/XT</a>, and <a href="PC_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC AT">PC AT</a> – which required a separate display adapter installed in a slot in order to connect a monitor. The term "array" rather than "adapter" in the name denoted that it was not a complete independent expansion device, but a single component that could be integrated into a system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Unlike the graphics adapters that preceded it (<a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a>, <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a>, <a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a> and many third-party options) there was initially no discrete VGA card released by IBM. The first commercial implementation of VGA was a built-in component of the IBM PS/2, in which it was accompanied by 256 KB of video RAM, and a new DE-15 connector replacing the DE-9 used by previous graphics adapters. IBM later released the standalone <i>IBM PS/2 Display Adapter</i>, which utilized the VGA but could be added to machines that did not have it built in.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On some machines and cables, pin 9 was missing. All pin 9 does is power an EEPROM chip in the monitor which tells the graphics card the capabilities on the monitor. Systems or cables missing this are likely using an older version of VGA.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capabilities">Capabilities</h2></div>

<p>The VGA supports all graphics modes supported by the MDA, CGA and EGA cards, as well as multiple new modes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_graphics_modes">Standard graphics modes</h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> in 4 or 16 colors (CGA/EGA compatibility)</li>

<li><span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> in 256 colors (<a href="Mode_13h" title="Mode 13h">Mode 13h</a>)</li>

<li><span class="nowrap">640 × 200</span> and <span class="nowrap">640 × 350</span> in 16 colors or monochrome (CGA/EGA compatibility)</li>

<li><a href="640%C3%97480" class="mw-redirect" title="640×480"><span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span></a> in 16 colors or <a href="Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>The <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> 16-color and <span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> 256-color modes had fully redefinable palettes, with each entry selected from an <a href="List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#18-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">18-bit (262,144-color)</a> gamut.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The other modes defaulted to standard EGA or CGA compatible palettes and instructions, but still permitted remapping of the palette with VGA-specific commands.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="640_×_480_graphics_mode"><span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> graphics mode</h4></div>

<p>The <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> resolution (at 256 colors rather than 16) was originally used by IBM in <a href="Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">PGC</a> graphics (which VGA offers no backward compatibility for) but did not see wide adoption until VGA was introduced. As the VGA began to be cloned in great quantities by manufacturers who added ever-increasing capabilities, its <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, 16-color mode became the de facto lowest common denominator of graphics cards. By the mid 1990s, a <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>×16 graphics mode using the VGA memory and register specifications was expected by operating systems such as <a href="Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> and <a href="OS/2_Warp_3" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 Warp 3">OS/2 Warp 3.0</a>, which provided no support for lower resolutions or bit depths, or support for other memory or register layouts without additional drivers. Well into the 2000s, even after the <a href="VESA" class="mw-redirect" title="VESA">VESA</a> standard for graphics cards became commonplace, the "VGA" graphics mode remained a compatibility option for PC operating systems.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_graphics_modes">Other graphics modes</h4></div>

<p>Nonstandard display modes can be implemented, with horizontal resolutions of:

</p>

<ul><li>512 to 800 pixels wide, in 16 colors</li>

<li>256 to 400 pixels wide, in 256 colors</li></ul>

<p>And heights of:

</p>

<ul><li>200, or 350 to 410 lines (including 400-line) at 70 Hz refresh rate, or</li>

<li>224 to 256, or 448 to 512 lines (including 240 or 480-line) at 60 Hz refresh rate</li>

<li>512 to 600 lines at reduced vertical refresh rates (down to 50 Hz, and including e.g. 528, 544, 552, 560, 576-line), depending on individual monitor compatibility.</li></ul>

<p>For example, high resolution modes with square pixels are available at <span class="nowrap">768 × 576</span> or <span class="nowrap">704 × 528</span> in 16 colors, or medium-low resolution at <span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> with 256 colors. Alternatively, extended resolution is available with "fat" pixels and 256 colors using, e.g. <span class="nowrap">400 × 600</span> (50 Hz) or <span class="nowrap">360 × 480</span> (60 Hz), and "thin" pixels, 16 colors and the 70 Hz refresh rate with e.g. <span class="nowrap">736 × 410</span> mode.

</p><p>"Narrow" modes such as <span class="nowrap">256 × 224</span> tend to preserve the same pixel ratio as in e.g. <span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> mode unless the monitor is adjusted to stretch the image out to fill the screen, as they are derived simply by masking down the wider mode instead of altering pixel or line timings, but can be useful for reducing memory requirements and pixel addressing calculations for arcade game conversions or console emulators.

</p><p>The PC version of <a href="Pinball_Fantasies" title="Pinball Fantasies">Pinball Fantasies</a> has the option to use non-standard modes "high res" modes, such as <span class="nowrap">640 × 350</span>, allowing it to display a larger portion of the pinball table on screen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_text_modes">Standard text modes</h3></div>

<p>VGA also implements several text modes:

</p>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">80 × 25</span>, rendered with a <span class="nowrap">9 × 16</span> pixel font, with an effective resolution of <span class="nowrap">720 × 400</span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">40 × 25</span>, with a <span class="nowrap">9 × 16</span> font, with an effective resolution of <span class="nowrap">360 × 400</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">80 × 43</span> or <span class="nowrap">80 × 50</span>, with an <span class="nowrap">8 × 8</span> font grid, with an effective resolution of <span class="nowrap">640 × 344</span> or <span class="nowrap">640 × 400</span> pixels.</li></ul>

<p>As with the pixel-based graphics modes, additional text modes are possible by programming the VGA correctly, with an overall maximum of about <span class="nowrap">100 × 80</span> cells and an active area spanning about <span class="nowrap">88 × 64</span> cells.

</p><p>One variant that is sometimes seen is <span class="nowrap">80 × 30</span> or <span class="nowrap">80 × 60</span>, using an <span class="nowrap">8 × 16</span> or <span class="nowrap">8 × 8</span> font and an effective <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> pixel display, which trades use of the more flickery 60 Hz mode for an additional 5 or 10 lines of text and square character blocks (or, at <span class="nowrap">80 × 30</span>, square half-blocks).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2></div>

<p>Unlike the cards that preceded it, which used binary <a href="Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">TTL</a> signals to interface with a monitor (and also <a href="Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite</a>, in the case of the CGA), the VGA introduced a video interface using pure analog <a href="Component_video#RGB_analog_component_video" title="Component video">RGB signals</a>, with a range of 0.7 volts peak-to-peak max. In conjunction with a <a href="Color_depth#18-bit" title="Color depth">18-bit</a> <a href="RAMDAC" title="RAMDAC">RAMDAC</a> (6-bit per RGB channel), this produced a color gamut of 262,144 colors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The original VGA specifications follow:

</p>

<ul><li>Selectable 25.175 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 28.322 MHz master pixel clock</li>

<li>Maximum of 640 horizontal <a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a><sup id="cite_ref-ps2_refman1992_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps2_refman1992-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in graphics mode, and 720 pixels in text mode</li>

<li>Maximum of 480 lines<sup id="cite_ref-ps2_refman1992_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps2_refman1992-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">Refresh rates</a> at 60 or 70 <a href="Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Vertical_blank_interrupt" title="Vertical blank interrupt">Vertical blank interrupt</a> <small>(Not all <a href="Clone_(computing)" title="Clone (computing)">clone</a> cards support this.)</small></li>

<li><a href="Planar_(computer_graphics)" title="Planar (computer graphics)">Planar</a> mode: up to 16 colors <small>(4 <a href="Bit_plane" title="Bit plane">bit planes</a>)</small></li>

<li>Packed-pixel mode: 256 colors <small>(<a href="Mode_13h" title="Mode 13h">Mode 13h</a>)</small></li>

<li>Hardware <a href="Smooth_scrolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth scrolling">smooth scrolling</a> support</li>

<li>No <a href="Blitter" title="Blitter">Blitter</a>

<ul><li>Supports fast data transfers via "VGA latch" registers</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li>

<li><a href="Split_screen_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split screen (video games)">Split screen</a> support</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal_timings">Signal timings</h3></div>

<p>The intended standard value for the horizontal frequency of VGA's <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> mode is exactly double the value used in the <a href="NTSC-M" class="mw-redirect" title="NTSC-M">NTSC-M</a> video system, as this made it much easier to offer optional <a href="TV-out" title="TV-out">TV-out</a> solutions or external VGA-to-TV converter boxes at the time of VGA's development. It is also at least nominally twice that of CGA, which also supported <a href="Composite_monitor" title="Composite monitor">composite monitors</a>.

</p><p>All "derived" VGA timings (i.e. those which use the master 25.175 and 28.322 MHz crystals and, to a lesser extent, the nominal 31.469 kHz line rate) can be varied by software that bypasses the VGA firmware interface and communicates directly with the VGA hardware, as many MS-DOS based games did. However, only the standard modes, or modes that at least use almost exactly the same H-sync and V-sync timings as one of the standard modes, can be expected to work with the original late-1980s and early-1990s VGA monitors. The use of other timings may in fact damage such monitors and thus was usually avoided by software publishers.

</p><p>Third-party "multisync" CRT monitors were more flexible, and in combination with "super EGA", VGA, and later SVGA graphics cards using extended modes, could display a much wider range of resolutions and refresh rates at arbitrary sync frequencies and pixel clock rates.

</p><p>For the most common VGA mode (<span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, 60 Hz, <a href="Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">non-interlaced</a>), the horizontal timings can be found in the HP Super VGA Display Installation Guide and in other places.<sup id="cite_ref-Javier_Valcarce_timings_list_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javier_Valcarce_timings_list-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_uses_of_selected_modes">Typical uses of selected modes</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Extended_Display_Identification_Data" title="Extended Display Identification Data">Extended Display Identification Data</a></div>

<p>

<span class="nowrap">640 × 400</span> @ 70 Hz is traditionally the video mode used for booting VGA-compatible <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a><sup id="cite_ref-epanorama_net-vga_timing_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epanorama_net-vga_timing-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that show a graphical boot screen, while text-mode boot uses <span class="nowrap">720 × 400</span> @ 70 Hz.

</p><p>This convention has been eroded in recent years, however, with POST and BIOS screens moving to higher resolutions, taking advantage of <a href="EDID" class="mw-redirect" title="EDID">EDID</a> data to match the resolution to a connected monitor.

</p><p><span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> @ 60 Hz is the default Windows graphics mode (usually with 16 colors),<sup id="cite_ref-epanorama_net-vga_timing_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epanorama_net-vga_timing-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to Windows 2000. It remains an option in XP <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and later versions</span> via the boot menu "low resolution video" option and per-application compatibility mode settings, despite newer versions of Windows now defaulting to <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span> and generally not allowing any resolution below <span class="nowrap">800 × 600</span> to be set.

</p><p>The need for such a low-quality, universally compatible fallback has diminished since the turn of the millennium, as <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">VGA-signalling standard screens or adaptors unable to show anything beyond the original resolutions have become increasingly rare</span>.

</p><p><span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> at 70 Hz was the most common mode for early 1990's PC games, with pixel-doubling and line-doubling performed in hardware to present a <span class="nowrap">640 × 400</span> at 70 Hz signal to the monitor.

</p><p>The <a href="Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 95/98/Me</a> <a href="LOGO.SYS" title="LOGO.SYS">LOGO.SYS</a> boot-up image was 320 × 400 resolution, displayed with pixel-doubling to present a <span class="nowrap">640 × 400</span> at 70 Hz signal to the monitor. The 400-line signal was the same as the standard <span class="nowrap">80 × 25</span> text mode, which meant that pressing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">

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</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Esc</kbd> to return to text mode didn't change the frequency of the video signal, and thus the monitor did not have to resynchronize (which could otherwise have taken several seconds).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connector">Connector</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA connector</a></div>

<p>The standard <a href="VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA monitor interface</a> is a 15-pin <a href="D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">D-subminiature connector</a> in the "E" shell, variously referred to as "DE-15", "HD-15" and erroneously "DB-15(HD)".

</p><p>All VGA connectors carry <a href="Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog</a> <a href="RGBHV" class="mw-redirect" title="RGBHV">RGBHV</a> (red, green, blue, <a href="Horizontal_sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal sync">horizontal sync</a>, <a href="Vertical_sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical sync">vertical sync</a>) video signals. Modern connectors also include <a href="Video_Electronics_Standards_Association" title="Video Electronics Standards Association">VESA</a> <a href="Display_Data_Channel" title="Display Data Channel">DDC</a> pins, for identifying attached display devices.

</p><p>Because VGA uses low-voltage analog signals, signal degradation becomes a factor with low-quality or overly long cables. Solutions include shielded cables, cables that include a separate internal <a href="Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> for each color signal, and "broken out" cables utilizing a separate coaxial cable with a <a href="BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC connector</a> for each color signal.

</p><p>BNC breakout cables typically use five connectors, one each for Red, Green, Blue, Horizontal Sync, and Vertical Sync, and do not include the other signal lines of the VGA interface. With BNC, the coaxial wires are fully shielded end-to-end and through the interconnect so that virtually no crosstalk and very little external interference can occur. The use of BNC RGB video cables predates VGA in other markets and industries.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_palette">Color palette</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">List of monochrome and RGB color formats</a>, <a href="List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#18-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">18-bit RGB</a>, <a href="List_of_16-bit_computer_color_palettes" title="List of 16-bit computer color palettes">List of 16-bit computer color palettes</a>, and <a href="List_of_16-bit_computer_hardware_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 16-bit computer hardware palettes">MCGA and VGA</a></div>

<p>The VGA color system uses register-based palettes to map colors in various bit depths to its 18-bit output gamut. It is <a href="Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a> with the EGA and CGA adapters, but supports extra <a href="Bit_depth_(computer_graphics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit depth (computer graphics)">bit depth</a> for the palette when in these modes.

</p><p>For instance, when in EGA 16-color modes, VGA offers 16 palette registers, and in 256-color modes, it offers 256 registers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each palette register contain a <a href="List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#18-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">3×6 bit</a> RGB value, selecting a color from the 18-bit gamut of the <a href="Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">DAC</a>.

</p><p>These color registers are initialized to default values IBM expected to be most useful for each mode. For instance, EGA 16-color modes initialize to the default CGA 16-color palette, and the 256-color mode initializes to a palette consisting of 16 CGA colors, 16 grey shades, and then 216 colors chosen by IBM to fit expected use cases.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

After initialization they can be redefined at any time without altering the contents of video RAM, permitting <a href="Color_cycling" title="Color cycling">palette cycling</a>.

</p><p>In the 256-color modes, the DAC is set to combine four 2-bit color values, one from each plane, into an 8-bit-value representing an index into the 256-color palette. The CPU interface combines the 4 planes in the same way, a feature called "chain-4", so that each pixel appears to the CPU as a packed 8-bit value representing the palette index.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The video memory of the VGA is mapped to the PC's memory via a window in the range between segments <a href="Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">0xA0000</a> and 0xBFFFF in the PC's <a href="Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a> address space (A000:0000 and B000:FFFF in segment:offset notation). Typically, these starting segments are:

</p>

<ul><li>0xA0000 for EGA/VGA graphics modes (64 <a href="Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KB</a>)</li>

<li>0xB0000 for monochrome text mode (32 KB)</li>

<li>0xB8000 for color text mode and CGA-compatible graphics modes (32 KB)</li></ul>

<p>A typical VGA card also provides this port-mapped I/O segment:

</p>

<p>Due to the use of different address mappings for different modes, it is possible to have a monochrome adapter (i.e. MDA or <a href="Hercules_Graphics_Card" title="Hercules Graphics Card">Hercules</a>) and a color adapter such as the VGA, <a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a>, or <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a> installed in the same machine.

</p><p>At the beginning of the 1980s, this was typically used to display <a href="Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> spreadsheets in high-resolution text on a monochrome display and associated graphics on a low-resolution CGA display simultaneously. Many programmers also used such a setup with the monochrome card displaying debugging information while a program ran in graphics mode on the other card. Several debuggers, like Borland's <a href="Turbo_Debugger" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo Debugger">Turbo Debugger</a>, <a href="D86_(debugger)" class="mw-redirect" title="D86 (debugger)">D86</a> and Microsoft's <a href="CodeView" title="CodeView">CodeView</a> could work in a dual monitor setup. Either Turbo Debugger or CodeView could be used to debug Windows.

</p><p>There were also device drivers such as <code>ox.sys</code>, which implemented a serial interface simulation on the monochrome display and, for example, allowed the user to receive crash messages from debugging versions of Windows without using an actual serial terminal.

</p><p>It is also possible to use the "MODE MONO" command at the command prompt to redirect the output to the monochrome display. When a monochrome adapter was not present, it was possible to use the 0xB000–0xB7FF address space as additional memory for other programs.

</p><p>A VGA-capable <a href="PCI_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI bus">PCI</a> / <a href="PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCIe</a> graphics card can provide legacy VGA registers in its <a href="PCI_configuration_space" title="PCI configuration space">PCI configuration space</a>, which may be remapped by <a href="BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> or <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming">Programming</h3></div>

<p>"Unchaining" the 256 KB VGA memory into four separate "planes" makes VGA's 256 KB of RAM available in 256-color modes. There is a trade-off for extra complexity and performance loss in some types of graphics operations, but this is mitigated by other operations becoming faster in certain situations:

</p>

<ul><li>Single-color polygon filling could be accelerated due to the ability to set four pixels with a single write to the hardware.</li>

<li>The video adapter could assist in copying video RAM regions, which was sometimes faster than doing this with the relatively slow CPU-to-VGA interface.</li>

<li>The use of multiple video pages in hardware allowed <a href="Double_buffering" class="mw-redirect" title="Double buffering">double buffering</a>, <a href="Triple_buffering" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple buffering">triple buffering</a> or split screens, which, while available in VGA's <span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> 16-color mode, was not possible using stock <a href="Mode_13h" title="Mode 13h">Mode 13h</a>.</li>

<li>Most particularly, several higher, arbitrary-resolution display modes were possible, all the way up to the programmable limit of <span class="nowrap">800 × 600</span> with 16 colors (or <span class="nowrap">400 × 600</span> with 256 colors), as well as other custom modes using unusual combinations of horizontal and vertical pixel counts in either color mode.</li></ul>

<p>Software such as <a href="Fractint" title="Fractint">Fractint</a>, <a href="Xlib" title="Xlib">Xlib</a> and ColoRIX also supported tweaked 256-color modes on standard adaptors using freely-combinable widths of 256, 320, and 360 pixels and heights of 200, 240 and 256 (or 400, 480 and 512) lines, extending still further to 384 or 400 pixel columns and 576 or 600 (or 288, 300). However, <span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> was the best known and most frequently used, as it offered a standard 40-column resolution and 4:3 aspect ratio with square pixels. "<span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> × 8" resolution was commonly called <a href="Mode_X" title="Mode X">Mode X</a>, the name used by <a href="Michael_Abrash" title="Michael Abrash">Michael Abrash</a> when he presented the resolution in <a href="Dr._Dobb's_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a>.

</p><p>The highest resolution modes were only used in special, opt-in cases rather than as standard, especially where high line counts were involved. Standard VGA monitors had a fixed line scan (H-scan) rate – "multisync" monitors being, at the time, expensive rarities – and so the vertical/frame (V-scan) <a href="Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rate</a> had to be reduced in order to accommodate them, which increased visible <a href="Flicker_(screen)" title="Flicker (screen)">flicker</a> and thus <a href="Eye_strain" title="Eye strain">eye strain</a>. For example, the highest <span class="nowrap">800 × 600</span> mode, being otherwise based on the matching SVGA resolution (with 628 total lines), reduced the refresh rate from 60 Hz to about 50 Hz (and <span class="nowrap">832 × 624</span>, the theoretical maximum resolution achievable with 256 KB at 16 colors, would have reduced it to about 48 Hz, barely higher than the rate at which XGA monitors employed a double-frequency interlacing technique to mitigate full-frame flicker).

</p><p>These modes were also outright incompatible with some monitors, producing display problems such as picture detail disappearing into <a href="Overscan" title="Overscan">overscan</a> (especially in the horizontal dimension), vertical roll, poor <a href="Horizontal_sync" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal sync">horizontal sync</a> or even a complete lack of picture depending on the exact mode attempted. Due to these potential issues, most VGA tweaks used in commercial products were limited to more standards-compliant, "monitor-safe" combinations, such as <span class="nowrap">320 × 240</span> (square pixels, three video pages, 60 Hz), <span class="nowrap">320 × 400</span> (double resolution, two video pages, 70 Hz), and <span class="nowrap">360 × 480</span> (highest resolution compatible with both standard VGA monitors and cards, one video page, 60 Hz) in 256 colors, or double the horizontal resolution in 16-color mode.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_manufacturers">Hardware manufacturers</h2></div>

<p>Several companies produced VGA compatible graphic board models.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a>: Graphics Solution Plus, Wonder series, Mach series</li>

<li><a href="S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3 Graphics</a>: S3 911, 911A, 924, 801, 805, 805i, 928, 805p, 928p, S3 Vision series, S3 Trio series</li>

<li><a href="Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a>: MAGIC RGB</li>

<li><a href="Plantronics" title="Plantronics">Plantronics</a>: Colorplus</li>

<li><a href="Paradise_Systems" title="Paradise Systems">Paradise Systems</a>: PEGA 1, PEGA 1a, PEGA 2a</li>

<li><a href="Tseng_Labs" title="Tseng Labs">Tseng Labs</a>: ET3000, <a href="Tseng_Labs_ET4000" title="Tseng Labs ET4000">ET4000</a>, ET6000</li>

<li><a href="Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</a>: CL-GD400, CL-GD500 and CL-GD5000 series</li>

<li><a href="Trident_Microsystems" title="Trident Microsystems">Trident Microsystems</a>: TVGA 8000 series, TVGA 9000 series, TGUI9000 series</li>

<li><a href="Chips_and_Technologies" title="Chips and Technologies">Chips and Technologies</a></li>

<li>Tamerack</li>

<li><a href="Realtek" title="Realtek">Realtek</a></li>

<li><a href="Oak_Technology" title="Oak Technology">Oak Technology</a></li>

<li>Hualon</li>

<li>Cornerstone Imaging</li>

<li><a href="Winbond" title="Winbond">Winbond</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergraph" title="Intergraph">Intergraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a></li>

<li>Gemini (<a href="List_of_defunct_graphics_chips_and_card_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of defunct graphics chips and card companies">defunct</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Genoa_Systems" title="Genoa Systems">Genoa Systems</a> (<a href="List_of_defunct_graphics_chips_and_card_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of defunct graphics chips and card companies">defunct</a>)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successors">Successors</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_VGA_(SVGA)">Super VGA (SVGA)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">Super VGA</a></div>

<p>Super VGA (SVGA) is a display standard developed in 1988, when <a href="NEC_Home_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Home Electronics">NEC Home Electronics</a> announced its creation of the <a href="Video_Electronics_Standards_Association" title="Video Electronics Standards Association">Video Electronics Standards Association</a> (VESA). The development of SVGA was led by <a href="NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, along with other VESA members including <a href="ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI Technologies</a> and <a href="Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>. SVGA enabled <a href="Graphics_display_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">graphics display resolutions</a> up to 800 × 600 <a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>, 56% more than VGA's maximum resolution of 640 × 480 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_1988-11-14_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_1988-11-14-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_Graphics_Array_(XGA)">Extended Graphics Array (XGA)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">Extended Graphics Array</a></div>

<p>Extended Graphics Array (XGA) is an IBM display standard introduced in 1990. Later it became the most common appellation of the 1024 × 768 pixels <a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolution</a>.

</p>

<li><a href="Graphic_display_resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic display resolutions">Graphic display resolutions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_video_connectors" title="List of video connectors">List of video connectors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">List of monochrome and RGB color formats</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_16-bit_computer_hardware_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 16-bit computer hardware palettes">List of 16-bit computer hardware palettes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_defunct_graphics_chips_and_card_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of defunct graphics chips and card companies">List of defunct graphics chips and card companies</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_VGA" title="Super VGA">Super VGA</a></li>

<li><a href="AX-VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="AX-VGA">AX-VGA</a> (for Japanese <a href="AX_architecture" title="AX architecture">AX architecture</a> computers)</li>

<li><a href="DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> and <a href="HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> (which have largely replaced VGA)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPetzold1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Petzold, Charles (July 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRBokcwLB70C&pg=PA131">"Triple standard: three new video modes from IBM"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. Ziff Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMagazines2007" class="citation book cs1">Magazines, S. P. H. (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOsDAAAAMBAJ&q=1080p%20vga&pg=PT65"><i>HWM</i></a>. SPH Magazines.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Stephen (1988). "VGA ‒ Design choices for a new video subsystem". <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (2). IBM: 185‒197. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.272.0185">10.1147/sj.272.0185</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRosch1987" class="citation news cs1">Rosch, Winn (December 22, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gC-DsOtl2MgC&q=IBM+PS%2F2+display+adapter&pg=PA35">"IBM VGA Adapter Card: 256K Video RAM, 17 Display Modes"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. p. 35.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/printableversion.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/4/897/ENUS187-054/index.html&request_locale=en">"THE IBM PERSONAL SYSTEM/2 (TM) DISPLAY ADAPTER, THE IBM PERSONAL SYSTEM/2 DISPLAY ADAPTER 8514/A AND"</a>. <i>www-01.ibm.com</i>. 1987-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHinner" class="citation web cs1">Hinner, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin.hinner.info/vga/timing.html">"VGA Timings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027091012/http://martin.hinner.info/vga/timing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}

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</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFBrilPett1996"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5574478/en">US5574478A</a>, Bril, Vlad & Pett, Boyd G., "VGA color system for personal computers", issued 1996-11-12</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=US5574478A&rft.cc=&rft.title=VGA+color+system+for+personal+computers&rft.inventor=Bril&rft.date=1996-11-12"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cyotek.com/blog/reading-and-writing-18-bit-rgb-vga-palette-pal-files-with-csharp">"Reading and writing 18-bit RGB VGA Palette (pal) files with C#"</a>. <i>The Cyotek Blog</i>. 2017-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osdever.net/FreeVGA/vga/colorreg.htm">"VGA/SVGA Video Programming--Color Registers"</a>. <i>www.osdever.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogons.org/viewtopic.php?t=38713">"VGA Palette Conversion \ VOGONS"</a>. <i>www.vogons.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbrash" class="citation web cs1">Abrash, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phatcode.net/res/224/files/html/ch32/32-05.html">"How 360×480 in 256 color mode works"</a>. <i>Graphics Programming Black Book</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423034027/http://www.phatcode.net/res/224/files/html/ch32/32-05.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tinyvga.com/vga-timing/640x480@60Hz">"VGA Signal 640 x 480 @ 60 Hz Industry standard timing"</a>. <i>www.tinyvga.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ps2_refman1992-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ps2_refman1992_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps2_refman1992_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PS/2 Video Subsystem Technical Reference Manual 1992</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Javier_Valcarce_timings_list-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Javier_Valcarce_timings_list_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.javiervalcarce.eu/wiki/VGA_Video_Signal_Format_and_Timing_Specifications">"Javier Valcarce VGA timings page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102175843/http://javiervalcarce.eu/wiki/VGA_Video_Signal_Format_and_Timing_Specifications">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-02.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HP D1194A Super VGA Display & HP D1195A Ergonomic Super VGA Display Installation Guide, Hewlett Packard</span>

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<li id="cite_note-epanorama_net-vga_timing-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epanorama_net-vga_timing_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epanorama_net-vga_timing_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epanorama.net/documents/pc/vga_timing.html">"ePanorama.net - Circuits"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227050541/http://www.epanorama.net/documents/pc/vga_timing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-02-27.</cite> 090425 epanorama.net</span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.stanford.edu/17wi-cs140/pintos/specs/freevga/vga/colorreg.htm">"VGA/SVGA Video Programming--Color Regsters"</a>. <i>www.scs.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiccomputers.info/down/IBM_PS2/documents/PS2_Hardware_Interface_Technical_Reference_May88.pdf"><i>IBM PS/2 Hardware Interface Technical Reference Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>18.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/27994/why-were-those-colors-chosen-to-be-the-default-palette-for-256-color-vga">retrocomputing SE question: why-were-those-colors-chosen-to-be-the-default-palette-for-256-color-vga ?</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uphoff, Matthias (1990). <i>Die Programmierung der EGA/VGA Grafikkarte</i>; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-89319-274-3</bdi>; this whole section was learned from this book</span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://envytools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/hw/bus/bars.html">"PCI BARs and other means of accessing the GPU — envytools git documentation"</a>. <i>envytools.readthedocs.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/">"The History of the Modern Graphics Processor"</a>. <i>techspot.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329140009/http://www.techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-InfoWorld_1988-11-14-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_1988-11-14_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrownstein1988" class="citation news cs1">Brownstein, Mark (November 14, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wTsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT2">"NEC Forms Video Standards Group"</a>. <i><a href="InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. Vol. 10, no. 46. p. 3. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFJ._D._Neal1997" class="citation web cs1">J. D. Neal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osdever.net./FreeVGA/vga/vga.htm">"VGA Chipset Reference"</a>. <i>Hardware Level VGA and SVGA Video Programming Information Page</i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJordan_Brown_and_John_Kingman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan Brown and John Kingman (6 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909014621/http://playground.sun.com/1275/bindings/devices/html/vga-1_0d.html">"CHRP VGA Display Device Binding to IEEE 1275–1994 Standard for Boot (Initialization, Configuration) Firmware"</a>. 1.0. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://playground.sun.com./1275/bindings/devices/html/vga-1_0d.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHinner" class="citation web cs1">Hinner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin.hinner.info/vga/">"VGA Interface and video signal documents"</a>. <i>Signal Level VGA and SVGA Video Information Page</i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcamafia.de/pdf/ibm_vgaxga_trm2.pdf">"IBM VGA Technical Reference Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>This is the original IBM reference. The document provides good overview of VGA functionality and is fairly complete, including a detailed description of standard BIOS modes and some programming techniques</i>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:VGA" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:VGA">VGA</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinouts.ru/Video/VGA15.shtml">VGA pinout and signals descriptions</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Computer_display_standards178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_computer_display_standards" title="List of computer display standards">Computer display standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">PC-compatible video hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Plantronics_Colorplus" title="Plantronics Colorplus">Plantronics</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="Quadram_Quadcolor" title="Quadram Quadcolor">Quadcolor</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Tandy_Graphics_Adapter" title="Tandy Graphics Adapter">Tandy</a> (1984)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard <a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Widescreen" title="Widescreen">Widescreen</a> <a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_computers_by_IBM342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Personal_computers_by_IBM342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a> by <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence on the PC market</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop<br>and all-in-one</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">Datamaster</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">list of models</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_Industrial_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Industrial Computer">Industrial Computer</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_IBM_PS/2_models" title="List of IBM PS/2 models">list of models</a></li>

<li><a href="EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PS/ValuePoint" title="IBM PS/ValuePoint">ValuePoint</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">PC Series</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Aptiva" title="IBM Aptiva">Aptiva</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_NetVista" title="IBM NetVista">NetVista</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkCentre" title="ThinkCentre">ThinkCentre</a>

<ul><li><a href="ThinkCentre_A_series" title="ThinkCentre A series">A series</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkCentre_M_series" title="ThinkCentre M series">M series</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_Portable_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Portable Personal Computer">Portable PC</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">PS/2 portables</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-ThinkPad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">Convertible</a></li>

<li>PS/2 Laptop

<li><a href="IBM_PS/2_Note" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">Model 425/425C</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PCradio" title="IBM PCradio">PCradio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ThinkPad_701" title="ThinkPad 701">701 "Butterfly"</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_T_series" title="ThinkPad T series">T series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_A_series" title="ThinkPad A series">A series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ThinkPad_R_series" title="ThinkPad R series">R series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ThinkPad_TransNote" title="ThinkPad TransNote">TransNote</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_WorkPad" title="IBM WorkPad">WorkPad</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Leapfrog" title="IBM Leapfrog">Leapfrog</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkPad_Power_Series#Power_Series_600" title="ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series 600</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkPad_240#Transmeta_Crusoe" title="ThinkPad 240">ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_WatchPad" title="IBM WatchPad">WatchPad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">Monochrome Display Adapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">Professional Graphics Controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">Multi-Color Graphics Array</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">Extended Graphics Array</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_BASIC" title="IBM BASIC">IBM BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a></li>

<li><a href="Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_IntelliStation" title="IBM IntelliStation">IntelliStation</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PC_keyboard" title="IBM PC keyboard">Keyboards</a>

<ul><li><a href="Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">Model F</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_M_keyboard" title="Model M keyboard">Model M</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">Micro Channel</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Music_Feature_Card" title="IBM Music Feature Card">Music Feature Card</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwave" title="Mwave">Mwave</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_4694" title="IBM 4694">SurePOS</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkPad_UltraBay" title="ThinkPad UltraBay">UltraBay</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkLight" title="ThinkLight">ThinkLight</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Audio_and_video_connectors145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Audio_and_video_connectors145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">Audio and video connectors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Banana_connector" title="Banana connector">Banana plug</a></li>

<li><a href="Binding_post" title="Binding post">Binding post</a></li>

<li><a href="D-subminiature_(professional_audio)" title="D-subminiature (professional audio)">D-subminiature</a></li>

<li><a href="Euroblock" title="Euroblock">Euroblock</a></li>

<li><a href="Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Audio jack</a></li>

<li><a href="Speaker_terminal" title="Speaker terminal">Speaker spring terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Speakon_connector" title="Speakon connector">Speakon</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Component_video#RGB_analog_component_video" title="Component video">Component RGB</a></li>

<li><a href="YPbPr" title="YPbPr">Component YPbPr</a></li>

<li><a href="Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li>

<li><a href="D-Terminal" title="D-Terminal">D-Terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Micro-DVI" title="Micro-DVI">Micro-DVI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio and video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Belling-Lee_connector" title="Belling-Lee connector">Belling-Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a></li>

<li><a href="DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a>

<li><a href="Mobile_High-Definition_Link" title="Mobile High-Definition Link">MHL</a> (<a href="SuperMHL" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperMHL">superMHL</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Minijack</a></li>

<li><a href="SCART" title="SCART">SCART</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_video_connectors" title="List of video connectors">List of video connectors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General-purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">Audio and video interfaces and connectors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="PC_System_Design_Guide" title="PC System Design Guide">PC System Design Guide</a>

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">TRS</a> 3.5 mm</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Balanced_audio" title="Balanced audio">Balanced audio</a>

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">TRS</a> 6.35 mm</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jack</a>, coaxial</li>

<li><a href="TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a>, optical</li>

<li><a href="AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a>, AES/EBU

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jack</a></li>

<li><a href="TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a>, optical</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">DB-15</a></li>

<li><a href="Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite</a>

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jack</a> yellow</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a>

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="Mini-DIN_connector" title="Mini-DIN connector">Mini-DIN</a> 4 pin</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a>

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jacks</a> × 3</li>

<li><a href="Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a>, and <a href="Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a>

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="Video-in_video-out" title="Video-in video-out">VIVO</a> using <a href="Mini-DIN_connector" title="Mini-DIN connector">Mini-DIN</a> 9 pin</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Digital and <br>analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI-I/DVI-D</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Digital7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> connector</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a>

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> connector</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HDBaseT" title="HDBaseT">HDBaseT</a>

<ul><li>connectors: <a href="8P8C" class="mw-redirect" title="8P8C">8P8C</a> connector</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Video_Graphics_Array&oldid=1303810295">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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